Paleosols are increasingly recognized by researchers and utilized mainly to make inferences regarding past climates (precipitation and temperature), landscapes, and paleoatmospheric chemistry, including pCO2 and pO2. Recognition and interpretation of pre-Quaternary paleosols requires the use of multidisciplinary approaches that involve integration of field morphological, microscopic, and geochemical data, as well as an appreciation for evolutionary changes in terrestrial biota and flora that have occurred over time. There is also increasing use of USDA Soil Taxonomy for paleosols preserved in the rock record. [...]